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The mucosal surface with the intestinal tract is really a complex ecosystem composed of gastrointestinal epithelium, immune cells and resident bacterial flora. In this environment, bacteria are either in get in touch with with intestinal surfaces or embedded in hostproduced mucus [1]. Genomewide analyses performed on intestinal microbiota provided insights into beneficial metabolic activities following establishment of successful commensal or symbiotic relationships using the host [4]. These studies also showed that the absence of an intact microbiota drastically increases susceptibility to pathogens, underlining the fact that colonization of mucosa and competition with commensal bacterial flora is normally the first step in most intestinal infections [80]. This longknown but illunderstood protection offered by commensals against pathogens is usually described as becoming colonization resistance, the barrier effect, bacterial antagonism orbacterial interference [1,103]. Many mechanisms have been proposed for explaining colonization resistance, including: direct competition for nutrients; prevention of access to adherence web sites; limitation of pathogen proliferation through production of inhibitory substances or circumstances; or stimulation of host natural immune defenses [10,14,15].Methyl 6-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate Chemical name Even so, the complexity of bacterial interactions inside the host plus the absence of relevant models has severely hindered identification of molecular facts on how commensal bacteria interfere with pathogens [13,16].313052-18-5 site Because of these shortcomings, analysis of competitive bacterial interactions that contribute to restricting pathogen establishment within the intestinal flora has virtually exclusively focused on secreted inhibitory substances (colicins, microcins, toxins) created in liquid or strong medium or brought to light in competition experiments performed quite a few decades ago [13].PMID:23667820 Recently, interest in bacterial group behavior drew consideration to biofilms, swarms, aggregates and dense bacterial cultures asPLOS One | www.plosone.orgColonization Resistance in E. coli Biofilmsmodels for studying competitive and synergistic interactions [1726]. Certainly, taking into consideration the biofilmlike structure of vertebrate bacterial flora, controlled biofilm communities could allow direct experimental investigations of some aspects of.